father of linguistics

A.    The father of linguistics

Ferdinand de Saussure 26 November 1857 – 22 February 1913) was a Swiss linguist and semiotician whose ideas laid a foundation for many significant developments both in linguistics and semiotics in the 20th century. He is widely considered one of the fathers of 20th-century linguistics and one of two major fathers (together with Charles Sanders Peirce) of semiotics.

One of his translators Roy Harris, summarized Saussure's contribution to linguistics and the study of language in the following way:

"Language is no longer regarded as peripheral to our grasp of the world we live in, but as central to it. Words are not mere vocal labels or communicational adjuncts superimposed upon an already given order of things. They are collective products of social interaction, essential instruments through which human beings constitute and articulate their world. This typically twentieth-century view of language has profoundly influenced developments throughout the whole range of human sciences. It is particularly marked in linguistics, philosophy, psychology, sociology and anthropology."

Although they have undergone extension and critique over time, the dimensions of organization introduced by Saussure continue to inform contemporary approaches to the phenomenon of language. Prague school linguist Jan Mukarovsky writes that Saussure's "discovery of the internal structure of the linguistic sign differentiated the sign both from mere acoustic 'things' ... and from mental processes", and that in this development "new roads were thereby opened not only for linguistics, but also, in the future, for the theory of literature." Ruqaiya Hasan argues that "the impact of Saussure’s theory of the linguistic sign has been such that modern linguists and their theories have since been positioned by reference to him: they are known as pre-Saussurean, Saussurean, anti-Saussurean, Post-Saussurean, or non-Saussure.

1.      Langue

Langue is a sound symbol system used by a particular group of people to communicate and interact with each other. Langue refers to one particular sound symbol system which when paired with the language in the form of the phrase "Joni learn Arabic, while Taufik learn the language". As langage, langue also have patterns, regularities, or rules of human beings, but the rules are abstract alias obviously not used.

langue is the whole system of language that precedes and makes speech possible. A sign is a basic unit of langue.

Learning a language, we master the system of grammar, spelling, syntax and punctuation. These are all elements of langue.

Langue is a system in that it has a large number of elements whereby meaning is created in the arrangements of its elements and the consequent relationships between these arranged elements.

2.      Parole

If the terms are abstract langue and langage, then the third term of Saussure's concept of language that it is concrete Parole. Because it is the implementation of parole langue in the form of speech / speech made ​​by members of the public to interact or communicate with others. In the Indonesian language can be paired with the phrase "If Kiayi Abd Wafi speech, language is full of such words". So that parole is real, and can be observed empirically.

Parole is the concrete use of the language, the actual utterances. It is an external manifestation of langue. It is the usage of the system, but not the system.

3.      Langage

is a sound symbol system used to communicate and interact verbally amongst users of language. Langage are abstract. and also is universal, because langage is a sound symbol system used by humans in general, not a man at a certain place or time. In the Indonesian language word langage can be paired with such language contained in the phrase "humans have language, not animals". Thus, the use of the term in the language of the sentence, the equivalent word langage, does not refer to one specific language, but generally refers to the language as a means of human communication.

-langue, the rules of sign system (which might be grammar) and
- parole, the articulation of signs (for example, speech or writing),

the sum of which is language:

language = langue + parole

4.      Syntagmatic and paradigmatic

Most linguists agree to engage their discussion on lexical relation to two kinds of relation hold among lexical units: syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. Ferdinand de Saussure distinguishes between syntagmatic and paradigmatic relation in his discussion on lexical semantic in conjunction with the principles of the constituent structure and constractiveness respectively. The two principles are attributable to the way language is organized

Palmer (1976), referring to the basic ideas of the Saussure, clarifies the distinction between syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations of words as in the following lines.

“The paradigmatic relations are those into which a linguistic unit enters through being contrasted or substitutable in a particular environment, with other similar units,… Syntagmatic relations are those that a unit contrasts by virtue of its co-occurrence with similar units”).

Jackson (1982) defines syntagmatic relations as “the ability of words to combine”, and paradigmatic relations as the way “how words relate to each other hierarchically or as substitutes for one another”. Thus, in the constructions: “a red door” and “a green door”, Palmer gives examples, red and green are paradigmatic relation to each other, while each is in syntagmatic relation with door.

Semantic constituents – in syntagmatic relations as opposed to semantic components in paradigmatic ones – are referred to as “any constituent part of a sentence that bears a meaning which combines with the meaning of the other constituents to give the overall meaning of the sentence”. Lexical unit, the constituent investigated in the present study, is a semantic constituent which is syntagmatically the basic segment.